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Diffusion

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 Students should:

  • 1.3 understand how the results of experiments involving the dilution of coloured solutions and diffusion of gases can be explained

This classic demonstration is used to demonstrate diffusion rates

​in this reaction the two reactants are ammonia and hydrogen chloride

  1. write down the formula of each of these compounds
  2. work out their relative formula masses
  3. predict the name of the white solid formed
  4. predict the equation for this reaction
  5. why does the white solid form to the right hand end of the tube?
  6. what does this tell you about how the rate of diffusion depends upon the relative formula mass of a gas?
  1. Hydrogen chloride (HCl) and  ammonia (NH3 )
  2. HCl is 36.5 and ammonia NH3 is 17 
  3. HCl + NH3  -> NH4Cl
  4. ammonium chloride NH4Cl
  5. the white solid forms towards the right of the tube because the hydrogen chloride diffuses more slowly than the ammonia.
  6. the lower the relative formula mass of a compound the faster it diffuses.

Enter your text here ...

In this video you can see the same process happening in close up. Hydrogen chloride is combining with ammonia gas to make the white solid called ammonium chloride.

  1. What is the name of the process which causes the hydrogen chloride and ammonia gases to mix in the air?
  2. What feature of the nitrogen atom in an ammonia molecule enables it to bond with a hydrogen chloride molecule?
  3. What is the name of the product formed in this reaction?
  4. What does the product look like?
  5. This reaction is known as a neutralisation reaction. Explain why this is.
  1. ​diffusion causes the two gases to mix
  2. nitrogen has a non bonding electron pair
  3. ammonium chloride is the white solid produced 
  4. Ammonium chloride is a white powder (smoke) 
  5. Hydrogen chloride (HCl ) is an acid and ammonia (NH3 ) is a base. When an acid reacts with a base the reaction is called neutralisation. A salt is produced.
  1. ​What is the name of the name of the colourless gas with a pungent odour that is given off at first?
  2. What  is the name of the gas which turns damp red litmus paper blue?
  3. What happens in t he cooler part of the test tube?



  1. hydrogen chloride
  2. ammonia
  3. white solid (ammonium chloride) is deposited
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